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Edexcel A Level Chemistry

Revision Notes

Home / A Level / Chemistry / Edexcel / Revision Notes / 1. Physical Chemistry / 1.9 Kinetics I / 1.9.1 Collision Theory & Rates


1.9.1 Collision Theory & Rates


Collision Theory & Rates

Collision Theory

  • When reactants come together the kinetic energy they possess means their particles will collide and some of these collisions will result in chemical bonds being broken and some new bonds being formed
  • The rate of a chemical reaction depends on factors including:
    • collision frequency
    • collision energy
    • activation energy

  • Ultimately, the rate of reaction depends on the number of successful / effective collisions that happen per unit time
    • A successful / effective collision is where the particles collide in the correct orientation and with sufficient energy for a chemical reaction to occur
    • An unsuccessful / ineffective collision is when particles collide in the wrong orientation or when they don’t have enough energy and bounce off each other without causing a chemical reaction

Reaction Kinetics Effective and Non-Effective Collisions, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

(a) shows an ineffective collision due to the particles not having enough energy whereas (b) shows an effective collision where the particles have the correct orientation and enough energy for a chemical reaction to take place

Collision frequency

  • If a chemical reaction is to take place between two particles, they must first collide
  • The number of collisions between particles per unit time in a system is known as the collision frequency
  • The collision frequency of a given system can be altered by:
    • Changing the concentration of the reactants
      • Increasing the concentration will mean that there are more particles available to react in the same volume / amount of space leading to more frequent, successful collisions
    • Changing the total pressure
      • Increasing the pressure means that there will be the same number of particles but in a smaller volume leading to more frequent, successful collisions
    • Changing the temperature
      • This will increase the kinetic energy of the reacting particles, ultimately, resulting in more frequent, successful collisions
    • Changing the size of the reacting particles
      • This is achieved by increasing the surface area which means that there are more particles available to react in the same volume / amount of space leading to more frequent, successful collisions 

Collision energy

  • Not all collisions result in a chemical reaction
    • Most collisions just result in the colliding particles bouncing off each other
    • Collisions which do not result in a reaction are known as unsuccessful collisions

  • Unsuccessful collisions happen when the colliding species do not have enough energy to break the necessary bonds
  • If they do not have sufficient energy, the collision will not result in a chemical reaction
  • If they have sufficient energy, they will react, and the collision will be successful

Activation Energy

  • For a reaction to take place, the reactant particles need to overcome a minimum amount of energy
  • This energy is called the activation energy (Ea)
  • In exothermic reactions, the reactants are higher in energy than the products
  • In endothermic reactions, the reactants are lower in energy than the products
  • Therefore, the Ea in endothermic reactions is relatively larger than in exothermic reaction

 

Reaction Kinetics Exothermic-Reaction-Activation-Energy, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

The diagram shows that the reactants are higher in energy than the products in the exothermic reaction, so the energy needed for the reactants to go over the energy barrier is relatively small

Reaction Kinetics Endothermic Reaction Activation Energy, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

The diagram shows that the reactants are lower in energy than the products in the endothermic reaction, so the energy needed for the reactants to go over the energy barrier is relatively large

  • Even though particles collide with each other in the same orientation, if they don’t possess a minimum energy that corresponds to the Ea of that reaction, the reaction will not take place
  • Therefore, for a collision to be effective the reactant particles must collide in the correct orientation AND possess a minimum energy equal to the Ea of that reaction
  • The success of a reaction can be measured using the rate of reaction, which could be achieved by measuring:
    • The amount of reactant lost
    • The amount of product formed
    • The time it takes for a specific colour change to happen
    • The time it takes for a certain amount of precipitate to form


  • 1. Physical Chemistry
    • 1.1 Atomic Structure
      • 1.1.1 Structure of the Atom
        • 1.1.2 Isotopes
          • 1.1.3 Relative Mass
            • 1.1.4 Mass Spectrometry
            • 1.2 Ions & Electrons
              • 1.2.1 Ionisation Energy
                • 1.2.2 Quantum Shells
                  • 1.2.3 Orbitals
                    • 1.2.4 Electronic Configurations
                    • 1.3 The Periodic Table
                      • 1.3.1 Periodicity
                      • 1.4 Bonding
                        • 1.4.1 Ionic Bonding Overview
                          • 1.4.2 Representing Ionic Bonding
                            • 1.4.3 Ionic Trends
                              • 1.4.4 Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
                                • 1.4.5 Covalent Bonding Overview
                                  • 1.4.6 Covalent Dot-and-Cross Diagrams
                                    • 1.4.7 Bond Length & Bond Strength
                                      • 1.4.8 Shapes of Covalent Compounds
                                      • 1.5 Structure
                                        • 1.5.1 Electronegativity
                                          • 1.5.2 Intermolecular Forces
                                            • 1.5.3 Hydrogen Bonding
                                              • 1.5.4 Intermolecular Forces & Physical Properties
                                                • 1.5.5 Metallic Bonding
                                                  • 1.5.6 Giant Lattices
                                                    • 1.5.7 Covalent Structures
                                                      • 1.5.8 Predicting Structures
                                                      • 1.6 Formulae, Equations & Avogadro
                                                        • 1.6.1 Empirical & Molecular Formulae
                                                          • 1.6.2 Balanced Equations
                                                            • 1.6.3 Applying Equations
                                                              • 1.6.4 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant
                                                                • 1.6.5 Amount of Substance Calculations
                                                                • 1.7 Reaction Calculations
                                                                  • 1.7.1 Reacting Volume Calculations
                                                                    • 1.7.2 Titrations
                                                                      • 1.7.3 Error & Uncertainty
                                                                        • 1.7.4 Yield & Atom Economy
                                                                        • 1.8 Energetics I
                                                                          • 1.8.1 Enthalpy Changes
                                                                            • 1.8.2 Enthalpy Level Diagrams
                                                                              • 1.8.3 Calorimetry
                                                                                • 1.8.4 Hess Cycles
                                                                                  • 1.8.5 Bond Enthalpy
                                                                                  • 1.9 Kinetics I
                                                                                    • 1.9.1 Collision Theory & Rates
                                                                                      • 1.9.2 Calculating Rates of Reaction
                                                                                        • 1.9.3 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
                                                                                          • 1.9.4 Catalysts in Industry
                                                                                          • 1.10 Equilibrium I
                                                                                            • 1.10.1 Dynamic Equilibrium
                                                                                              • 1.10.2 Le Chatelier's Principle
                                                                                                • 1.10.3 The Rate & Yield Compromise
                                                                                                  • 1.10.4 Deducing Kc Expressions
                                                                                                • 2. Inorganic Chemistry
                                                                                                  • 2.1 Redox I
                                                                                                    • 2.1.1 Oxidation Number
                                                                                                      • 2.1.2 Types of Reduction & Oxidation
                                                                                                        • 2.1.3 Redox & Disproportionation
                                                                                                          • 2.1.4 Ionic Equations
                                                                                                          • 2.2 Groups 1 & 2
                                                                                                            • 2.2.1 Explaining Group 2 Trends
                                                                                                              • 2.2.2 Reactions of Group 2
                                                                                                                • 2.2.3 Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates
                                                                                                                  • 2.2.4 Group 2 Carbonates & Nitrates
                                                                                                                    • 2.2.5 Flame Tests
                                                                                                                    • 2.3 Group 7
                                                                                                                      • 2.3.1 Group 7 Trends
                                                                                                                        • 2.3.2 Halogen Displacement Reactions
                                                                                                                          • 2.3.3 Halogen Redox Reactions
                                                                                                                            • 2.3.4 Halide Ion Reactions
                                                                                                                          • 3. Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                            • 3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                              • 3.1.1 Formulae of Organic Compounds
                                                                                                                                • 3.1.2 Homologous Series & Functional Groups
                                                                                                                                  • 3.1.3 Nomenclature & Classification
                                                                                                                                    • 3.1.4 Structural Isomerism
                                                                                                                                      • 3.1.5 Stereoisomerism
                                                                                                                                      • 3.2 Alkanes
                                                                                                                                        • 3.2.1 Describing Alkanes
                                                                                                                                          • 3.2.2 Alkane Fuels
                                                                                                                                            • 3.2.3 Pollution from Combustion
                                                                                                                                              • 3.2.4 Reducing Pollution
                                                                                                                                                • 3.2.5 Free Radicals
                                                                                                                                                • 3.3 Alkenes
                                                                                                                                                  • 3.3.1 Describing Alkenes
                                                                                                                                                    • 3.3.2 Bonding in Alkenes
                                                                                                                                                      • 3.3.3 Electrophilic Addition
                                                                                                                                                        • 3.3.4 Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                          • 3.3.5 Saturation Test
                                                                                                                                                            • 3.3.6 Addition Polymerisation
                                                                                                                                                              • 3.3.7 Waste Polymers
                                                                                                                                                              • 3.4 Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                • 3.4.1 Classifying Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.4.2 Nucleophilic Substitution
                                                                                                                                                                    • 3.4.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                      • 3.4.4 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.4.5 Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                        • 3.5 Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                          • 3.5.1 Classifying Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                            • 3.5.2 Reactions of Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.5.3 Organic Liquid Preparation & Purification
                                                                                                                                                                              • 3.6 Modern Analytical Techniques I
                                                                                                                                                                                • 3.6.1 Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 3.6.2 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                • 4. Core Chemistry Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1 Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.1 Molar Volume of a Gas
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.2 Standard Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.3 Determining Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.4 Determining Enthalpy Change of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Ethanol Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.2.3 Chlorination of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.2.4 Qualitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5. Advanced Physical Chemistry (A Level Only)
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.1 Equilibrium II
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.1.1 Deducing Kp Expressions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.1.2 Equilbrium Constant Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1.3 Reaction Conditions & The Equilibrium Constant
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2 Acid-base Equilibria
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.2.2 pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2.3 Acid Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.4 Ionic Product of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.5 Measuring and Comparing pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.6 Titration Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.7 Buffers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.8 Weak Acid - Strong Base Titration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.3 Energetics II: Born-Haber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3.1 Lattice Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.2 Born-Haber Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.3 Polarising Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.4 Enthalpy of Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.4 Energetics II: Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.4.1 Introducing Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.4.2 Entropy Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.4.3 Gibbs Free Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.4.4 Feasible Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5 Kinetics II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.1 Rates of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.5.2 Rate Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.5.3 Rates - Experimental Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.5.4 Initial Rates Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.5.5 Continuous Monitoring Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.5.6 Reaction Order Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.5.7 Rate-Determining Steps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5.8 Rates & Reaction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.9 Arrhenius & Activation Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (A Level Only)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1 Redox II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.1.1 Reduction & Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.1.2 Standard Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.1.3 Measuring Standard Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.1.4 Conventional Cell Representation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.1.5 Thermodynamics & Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.1.6 Disproportionation & Electrode Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.1.7 Storage Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.8 Fuel Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.1.9 Redox Titration Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2 Principles of Transition Metal Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.1 Transition Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.2 Transition Metal Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2.3 Coloured Ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.4 Ligands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.2.5 Octahedral Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.2.6 Tetrahedral Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2.7 Cis-platin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.8 Haemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.9 Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.10 Heterogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2.11 Homogeneous Catalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.12 Autocatalysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.3 Reactions of Transition Metal Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.3.1 Vanadium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.3.2 Chromium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.3.3 Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.3.4 Ligand Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7. Advanced Organic Chemistry (A Level Only)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.1 Organic Chemistry II: Chirality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.1.1 Chirality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.2 Organic Chemistry II: Carbonyl Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.2.1 Carbonyl Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.2.2 Testing for Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.3 Organic Chemistry II: Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.3.1 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.3.2 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.3.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.3.4 Acyl Chlorides & Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.4 Organic Chemistry III: Aromatic Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.4.1 Benzene Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.4.2 Reactions of Benzene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.4.3 Electrophilic Substitution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.4.4 Phenol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.5 Organic Chemistry III: Nitrogen Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.5.1 Amines, Amides, Amino Acids & Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.5.2 Primary Aliphatic Amines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.5.3 Amine Basicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.5.4 Aromatic Amine Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.5.5 Amide Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.5.6 Condensation Polymerisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.5.7 Amino Acids & Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.6 Organic Chemistry III: Organic Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.6.1 Deducing Organic Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.6.2 Planning Reaction Schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.6.3 Increasing Chain Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.6.4 Organic Techniques - Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.6.5 Organic Techniques - Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.6.6 Organic Techniques - Purity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.7 Modern Analytical Techniques II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.7.1 Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.7.2 Carbon-13 NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.7.3 Proton NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.7.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.7.5 Other Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8. Advanced Core Practicals (A Level Only)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.1 Advanced Physical Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.1.1 Finding Ka Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.1.2 Electrochemical Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.1.3 Rates of Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.1.4 Activation Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.2 Advanced Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Core Practicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.2.1 Redox Titration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.2.2 Transition Metal Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.2.3 A-Level Qualitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.2.4 Aspirin Preparation


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Author: Richard

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Richard has taught Chemistry for over 15 years as well as working as a science tutor, examiner, content creator and author. He wasn’t the greatest at exams and only discovered how to revise in his final year at university. That knowledge made him want to help students learn how to revise, challenge them to think about what they actually know and hopefully succeed; so here he is, happily, at SME.


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