AQA A Level Chemistry

Topic Questions

3.2 Alkanes

1a1 mark

Fractional distillation is the process that separates the crude oil mixture by boiling point.

Identify whether this is a physical or chemical process.

1b2 marks

State two factors that determine which fraction a hydrocarbon molecule will be separated into.

1c2 marks

The uses of some of the fractions are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Fraction

Use

Refinery gases

Bottled gas

Gasoline / petrol

 

 

Aircraft fuel

Diesel

 

Fuel oil

 

 

Roads and roofs

Complete Table 1 by adding the missing fraction names and uses.

1d2 marks

Complete Table 2 by filling in the missing information describing the fractional distillation process and column.

Table 2

 

Top of the fractionation column

Bottom of the fractionation column

Temperature
(High / low)

 

 

Chain length of fractions
(Long / short)

 

 

Volatility
(High / low)

 

 

Viscosity
(High / low)

 

 

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2a1 mark

Explain why cracking is used to break longer chain hydrocarbons into smaller chain hydrocarbons.

2b2 marks

State the two homologous series of chemicals, including their general formulae, that are formed when long chain hydrocarbons are cracked. 

2c1 mark

During the cracking process, the high supply / low demand, large hydrocarbon molecules are heated to a high temperature inside a steel chamber with an aluminium oxide, Al2O3 catalyst.

Suggest why it is important that the chamber does not contain any oxygen.

2d1 mark

During the cracking of tetradecane, octene, ethene and an alkane are formed.

Complete the symbol equation below by adding in the two missing products:

C14H30  →  C8H16 + ________ + ________

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3a2 marks

State the difference between complete and incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, such as octane, including the products formed.

3b2 marks

Write a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of decane, C10H22.

3c1 mark

Write a balanced symbol equation for the incomplete combustion of decane, C10H22, forming carbon monoxide as one product.

3d2 marks

Decane is a major component in diesel fuel.

i)
Write a balanced symbol equation for the incomplete combustion of decane, C10H22, forming carbon as one product.

ii)
What might you observe to tell you that carbon is being formed?

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4a4 marks

Name four pollutant gases produced in car exhaust fumes.

4b1 mark

Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and poisonous gas.

State why carbon monoxide can cause dizziness, fainting, loss of consciousness and death in humans.

4c2 marks

Identify two pollutant gases from exhaust fumes that are responsible for the formation of acid rain.

4d2 marks

Catalytic converters are fitted on most modern cars to reduce the amount of pollutants that are released in exhaust fumes. The catalytic converter allows a number of chemical reactions to take place that remove some of the pollutants.

Carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide are removed by reacting together to form an unreactive gas and a greenhouse gas. Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

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5a1 mark

State what happens to one or more of the hydrogen atoms of methane during a free radical reaction.

5b2 marks

Free radical substitution reactions involve three steps.

i)
Name the three mechanism steps involved in free radical substitution. 

ii)
Write an equation to show the mechanism step involving bromine and UV light.
5c2 marks

The number of free radicals involved in the initiation step of a free radical substitution reaction is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Free radical reaction step

Number of reactant radicals

Number of product radicals

Initiation

0

2

Propagation

1

 

Termination

 

 

Complete Table 1 by adding the number of reactant and product radicals for the propagation and termination steps.

5d3 marks

Termination steps in free radical substitution reactions can be described as wanted or unwanted. A wanted termination step involves the formation of the desired product.

The overall equation for the free radical reaction of methane to form chloromethane is:

CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl

The termination equations, shown in Table 2, are steps that can occur in the free radical substitution reaction of methane.

Table 2

Termination equation

Wanted or unwanted?

CH3 + Cl → CH3Cl

 

CH3 + CH3 → CH3CH3

 

Cl + Cl → Cl2

 

Complete Table 2 by stating if the termination equation shown is a wanted termination step or an unwanted termination step.

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1a3 marks

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Figure 1 shows a general oil trap that could be drilled for in the North Sea.

Figure 1

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Explain the position of the oil in the trap.

1b4 marks

Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into fractions depending on their boiling point.

Explain how volatility and thermal energy determine the position of the fractions in the fractional distillation column.

1c2 marks

Figure 2 shows the relative amounts of some fractions from the fractional distillation of crude oil.

Figure 2 

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The estimated market demand for diesel is shown on Figure 2. Plot the estimated market demand for each of the remaining fractions on Figure 2.

1d2 marks

Swimmers of the English Channel are often covered in jellies containing paraffin wax, a mixture of long chain hydrocarbons derived from crude oil products.

Give two reasons why Channel swimmers use paraffin wax.

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2a1 mark

A diesel fuel containing the hydrocarbon tetradecane, C14H30, burns with a yellow flame.

Write a balanced symbol equation, including state symbols, for the reaction described.

2b4 marks

Fuels often contain impurities which lead to environmental pollution. One impurity could be diethyl sulfide, C4H10S2, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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i)
Write a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of diethyl sulfide.

ii)
Explain, using appropriate equations, two ways in which the main acidic pollutant could be neutralised.

iii)
Justify which of the two methods identified in part (ii) is more environmentally friendly.
2c2 marks

A petrol based fuel containing an isomer of octane has the structural formula (CH3)2CHCH2C(CH3)2CH3.

What volume of oxygen, in cm3, would be required to completely combust 0.5 dm3 of the octane isomer?

2d4 marks

When fuels combust there are various chemicals released.

Identify four products of combustion which have a negative effect on human body and explain how they affect the human body.

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3a6 marks

The estimated composition of North Sea crude oil is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The refinery gases, petrol and naphtha fractions are in the highest demand but have the lowest supply. The longer chains from crude oil can be used to produce the high demand shorter chains in the process of cracking.

Compare the two types of cracking.

3b3 marks

The 3-D structure of a compound involved in catalytic cracking is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

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i)
Name the component elements of this compound.

ii)

Explain two ways in which the shape of this compound will impact the catalytic cracking process.

3c6 marks

A sample of decane can be cracked in various ways to form three different compounds. Analysis of the product mixture shows that the smallest product decolourises bromine water.

Use the information to write balanced symbol equations for the cracking of decane.

3d1 mark

Using your answers to part (c), explain which type of cracking was performed on the decane sample.

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4a1 mark

Alkanes are relatively unreactive and require harsh conditions to crack them including temperatures of 700 - 1200 K and pressures of up to 7 MPa. When butane is reacted under these conditions, a number of products can be formed.

Identify the possible intermediates formed.

4b2 marks

In the free radical chlorination of methane, the chlorine and the methane molecules absorb one quantum of ultraviolet light.

Figure 1

 

C-H

Cl-Cl

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol-1

+ 413

+ 243

 

Figure 1 shows the bond enthalpy values for the chlorine and methane molecules.

Estimate the energy, in kJ mol-1, in one quantum of ultraviolet light. Justify your answer including chemical equations where applicable.

4c2 marks

Figure 1 shows the reactants in one propagation step for the chlorination of methane.

Figure 1

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Outline the mechanism and identify the products for this propagation step.

4d2 marks

The free radical chlorination of methane can form four different products.

Write an overall, balanced symbol equation for the free radical chlorination of methane forming all of the wanted and unwanted products.

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5a3 marks

The majority of cars have an alkane fueled internal combustion engine as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Identify four pollutant products of combustion and describe how they are formed.

5b3 marks

A student read a magazine article that stated “catalytic converters are devices that use redox reactions to reduce the pollutants a car makes”.

The student wrote a reply to the magazine including the following equation:

2 CO (g) + 2 NO (g) → N2 (g) + 2 CO2 (g)

The student explained that both of the pollutants had not been reduced, therefore the article was incorrect.

i)
Use half equations to help the student understand what the writer of the article meant.

ii)
Suggest an improvement to the magazine article.
5c1 mark

Petrol vapour and air are compressed in a car engine. This can cause pre-ignition which can lead to an undesirable knocking sound. Branched chain alkanes, such as 2,5-dimethylhexane, can be added to fuels as they are less likely to cause pre-ignition and therefore improve fuel efficiency.

The boiling point of 2,5-dimethylhexane is 109.1 degreeC. Suggest whether the boiling point of its straight chain isomer is higher or lower. Explain your answer.

5d2 marks

Removing nitrogen oxides from the exhaust fumes of diesel engines can be hard. Ammonia can be injected into exhaust gases before they reach the catalytic converter as a method to help with the removal of nitrogen oxides.

i)
Write the balanced symbol equation for the reaction.

ii)
Calculate the volume of oxygen that is needed to fully react with 200 cm3 of nitrogen (II) oxide at 20 degreeC and 100 kPa.

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1a4 marks

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons which can be used as fuels, lubricants and as starting materials for a wide range of other compounds. The main source of alkanes is petroleum. Petroleum is a mixture of alkanes with different chain lengths, which are
separated in a process called fractional distillation.

i)
State the meaning of the term saturated hydrocarbon.

ii)
Explain why this separation process is called fractional distillation.
1b4 marks

Describe the process of fractional distillation.

1c7 marks

Once the mixture of saturated hydrocarbons has been separated, they can be used as fuels. The high temperatures in a car engine with the presence of oxygen, means that the alkanes burn (combust) to give out heat energy.

Figure 1 below shows the structure of three alkanes.

Figure 1

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i)
Define the terms complete and incomplete combustion.

ii)
Name the alkane in Figure 1 which is most likely to undergo incomplete combustion.
Explain your answer.
1d4 marks

The boiling points of the alkanes from Figure 1 are summarised in Table 1 below.

Table 1

Alkane

Boiling point (degreeC)

A

196

B

-42

C

107

Use Table 1 to explain the effect that chain length and branching of molecules has on boiling point.

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2a5 marks

Alkanes are generally unreactive and do not react with acids, bases, or with oxidising or reducing agents. However, they will react with halogens under suitable conditions, to form halogenoalkanes.

Methane reacts with chlorine in this way to form chloromethane.

i)
State the name of this type of reaction mechanism.

ii)

A student places a small amount of methane and pale green chlorine gas into two different test-tubes. One test tube is left in the dark, whereas the other is placed in direct sunlight.
S
tate and explain the observations that the student would see in each test-tube and give an equation for the reaction that has occurred if applicable.

2b4 marks

The reaction described in part (a) consists of three steps. The first step is the initiation step in which the Cl-Cl bond is broken to form two chlorine free radicals.

i)
State and explain the type of bond breaking that occurs in the initiation step.

ii)
Define the term free radical.

iii)
Explain why the C-H bond in the alkane does not break in the initiation step instead of the Cl-Cl bond.
2c4 marks

Give the equations for each step of the reaction between methane and chlorine as described in part (a).

Label each equation with the name of the correct step.

You only need to provide one equation for the final step. 

2d6 marks

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are organic compounds consisting of carbon, chlorine and fluorine atoms. They are believed to destroy the ozone layer in a similar reaction as described in part (a).

Ozone can be broken down by radicals formed in the atmosphere. The ozone layer is important to protect the Earth from harmful exposure to too much ultraviolet light. Without this ozone layer, life on Earth would be very different.

An example of a CFC which can damage the ozone layer is CCl3F.

i)
State the radical which is responsible for the breakdown of the ozone layer and write an equation for the formation of this radical.

ii)
Explain why these free radicals act as catalysts in the breakdown of ozone to oxygen. Support your answer by writing equations. 

iii)
Draw the 3D structure of CCl3F and name the shape.

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3a2 marks

A fuel is a substance which has stored energy. During combustion, a fuel is burned in oxygen, to release this energy. A car engine is a common example of where a fuel is combusted.

The internal combustion of the fuels used in a car’s engine produces a number of pollutants, including oxides of nitrogen. This is despite nitrogen itself being generally unreactive.

i)
Explain how nitrogen oxides are formed in a car engine.

ii)
Write the equation for the reaction of nitrogen with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. Include state symbols.
3b3 marks

Table 1 shows a summary of other pollutants which may be produced during the combustion of fuels.

Table 1

Pollutant

Can contribute to …

Particulates

Exacerbates asthma

Can cause ______________

Unburnt hydrocarbons

______________________

Carbon dioxide

_______________________

________________

Acid rain

Complete Table 1 by filling in the gaps.

3c7 marks

Many power stations generate electricity by burning fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas. The gases given out by these power stations are called flue gases.

Fossil fuels often contain small amounts of impurities. Two of these are shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2

Impurity

Amount in crude oil (%)

Sulfur

3.0

Nitrogen

0.020


Suggest how each impurity can result in the formation of a pollutant and explain their damaging effects. Use equations to aid your answer.

3d4 marks

Due to the damaging effect it causes, sulfur dioxide is removed from these flue gases.
There are two methods used for this removal of sulfur dioxide.

Describe one method that can be used to remove sulfur dioxide from flue gases.
Use equations to aid your explanation.

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4a3 marks

The combustion of petrol in cars can cause a number of pollutant gases, including sulfur dioxide gas. Most sulfur is removed from petrol so that sulfur dioxide has become less of a problem. However, a car’s engine also produces other pollutants.

Most cars’ engines are now equipped with a catalytic converter in their exhaust system to reduce pollutant gases. The catalytic converter is a honeycomb made of a ceramic material, coated with a thin layer of platinum and rhodium metals.

The pollutant gases will pass over the thin metal layer inside the catalytic converter, resulting in less harmful products being formed.

i)
State the function of the palladium and rhodium in the catalytic converter.

ii)

Explain why only a thin layer of palladium and rhodium metals are used on the honeycomb ceramic support inside the catalytic converter.

4b2 marks

The pollutants produced by the car’s engine and found in exhaust gases include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons. Sometimes, the hydrocarbon isooctane is added to petrol in order to increase its octane rating.

i)

Write a symbol equation for the reaction of carbon monoxide with nitrogen oxide inside the catalytic converter.

ii)

Write a symbol equation for the reaction of the octane with nitrogen oxide inside the catalytic converter.

4c4 marks

Isooctane which is added to petrol to increase the octane rating burns smoothly in a car engine. It is a branched chain isomer of octane, with the skeletal formula shown in figure 1 below. 

Figure 1

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i)
Give the IUPAC name for isooctane, shown in Figure 1.

ii)
Suggest whether octane or isooctane would have the higher boiling point. Explain your answer. 
4d5 marks

Many alkanes which are used as fuels (such as octane) are obtained by the cracking of suitable heavy fractions, which can be achieved thermally or catalytically.

i)
State the meaning of the term cracking.

ii)
Describe both the thermal and catalytic methods of cracking, including the major types of product formed. 

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5a7 marks

Crude oil contains a mixture of hydrocarbons. Most crude oil has more of the longer chain fractions than is wanted and not enough smaller fractions. Many of the larger ones are broken into shorter lengths in a process called cracking.

A hydrocarbon with molecular formula C13H28 is catalytically cracked to form C7H14 and one other compound A.

i)
Give the molecular formula and IUPAC name of compound A

ii)

Using skeletal formula, draw the structures of the five chain isomers of compound A.

5b4 marks

Table 1 below shows information on four different fractions found in crude oil.

Table 1

Fractions

Supply found in crude oil (%)

Global demand for fraction (%)

Carbon chain length

Gases

2

4

1-4

Petrol and naphtha

14

30

5-9

Kerosene

15

8

10-16

Fuel oil

50

18

20-70

“Cracking long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons increases their economic value, unless they are cracked to form very small hydrocarbons.”

Justify the statement above using the data provided in Table 2.

5c3 marks

The alkane tetradecane (C14H30) is commonly found in crude oil. This long chain hydrocarbon can be cracked to form hydrocarbons with smaller chains, as shown below:

C14H30 → C6H14 + compound X + 2C2H4

i)
Give the molecular formula of compound X.

ii)
State the type of cracking that is taking place in this reaction. Explain your answer.
5d6 marks

Another hydrocarbon, C12H26, is cracked to form propane and one other product.

i)
Write an equation to show this cracking reaction.

ii)

When propane is burned in a limited supply of oxygen gas, different products are formed to when the supply of oxygen is plentiful. If there is an extremely limited supply of oxygen, an additional product is formed. 

Write equations for the reactions taking place when propane is burned in a plentiful supply of oxygen, a limited supply of oxygen and an extremely limited supply of oxygen. Give the name of each type of each reaction.

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