Cookies

We use cookies to improve your experience on our website By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies.
Our privacy policy

Save My Exams Logo
  • GCSE
  • IGCSE
  • AS
  • A Level
  • O Level
  • Pre U
  • IB
  • Login
  •  
MathsBiologyChemistryPhysicsCombined ScienceEnglish LanguageOther Subjects
GCSE > Maths
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast PapersPast Papers (old spec)
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
GCSE > Biology
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Gateway Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CCEA Topic QuestionsPast Papers
GCSE > Chemistry
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Gateway Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CCEA Topic QuestionsPast Papers
GCSE > Physics
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Gateway Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CCEA Topic QuestionsPast Papers
GCSE > Combined Science
Edexcel Combined: Biology Revision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel Combined: Chemistry Revision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel Combined: Physics Revision NotesPast Papers
AQA Combined: Biology Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Combined: Chemistry Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Combined: Physics Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Gateway Combined: Biology Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
GCSE > English Language
AQA Revision NotesPractice PapersPast Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
OCR Past Papers
GCSE > Other Subjects
AQA English LiteratureBusiness StudiesComputer ScienceEconomicsGeographyHistoryPsychologySociology
Edexcel English LiteratureBusiness StudiesComputer ScienceGeographyHistoryPsychology
OCR English LiteratureBusiness StudiesComputer ScienceEconomicsPsychology
OCR Gateway GeographyHistory
MathsBiologyChemistryPhysicsDouble ScienceEnglish LanguageOther Subjects
IGCSE > Maths
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast PapersBronze-Silver-Gold Questions
CIE (Extended) Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE (Core) Topic QuestionsPast Papers
IGCSE > Biology
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE > Chemistry
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE > Physics
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE > Double Science
Edexcel Double: Biology Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel Double: Chemistry Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel Double: Physics Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE > English Language
CIE Revision NotesPractice PapersPast Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
IGCSE > Other Subjects
CIE English LiteratureBusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsGeographyHistorySociology
Edexcel English LiteratureBusinessComputer ScienceGeographyHistory
MathsBiologyChemistryPhysicsEnglish LanguageOther Subjects
AS > Maths
Edexcel Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
AQA Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
OCR Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
CIE Pure 1Pure 2MechanicsProbability & Statistics 1
Edexcel IAS Pure 1Pure 2MechanicsStatistics
AS > Biology
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Revision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Revision Notes
AS > Chemistry
Edexcel Revision Notes
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Revision Notes
AS > Physics
Edexcel Revision Notes
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Revision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Revision Notes
AS > English Language
AQA Past Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
OCR Past Papers
AS > Other Subjects
AQA Business StudiesComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistoryPsychologySociology
Edexcel Business StudiesEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistoryPsychology
OCR Business StudiesComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistoryPsychologySociology
MathsBiologyChemistryPhysicsEnglish LanguageOther Subjects
A Level > Maths
Edexcel Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
AQA Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
OCR Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
CIE Pure 1Pure 3MechanicsProbability & Statistics 1Probability & Statistics 2
Edexcel IAL Pure 1Pure 2Pure 3Pure 4Mechanics 1Mechanics 2Statistics 1Statistics 2
A Level > Biology
Edexcel Topic QuestionsPast Papers
Edexcel A (SNAB) Revision Notes
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast PapersGold Questions
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
A Level > Chemistry
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast PapersGold Questions
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
A Level > Physics
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
A Level > English Language
AQA Past Papers
CIE Past Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
OCR Past Papers
Edexcel IAL Past Papers
A Level > Other Subjects
AQA Business StudiesComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistoryPsychologySociology
CIE BusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyPsychologySociology
Edexcel Business StudiesEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistoryPsychology
OCR Business StudiesComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistoryPsychologySociology
Edexcel IAL English LiteratureGeographyPsychology
CIE IAL History
BiologyChemistryPhysics
O Level > Biology
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
O Level > Chemistry
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
O Level > Physics
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
MathsBiologyChemistryPhysics
Pre U > Maths
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
Pre U > Biology
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
Pre U > Chemistry
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
Pre U > Physics
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
MathsBiologyChemistryPhysics
IB > Maths
Maths: AA HL Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
Maths: AI HL Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
Maths: AA SL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
Maths: AI SL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
IB > Biology
Biology: SL Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
Biology: HL Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
IB > Chemistry
Chemistry: SL Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
Chemistry: HL Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
IB > Physics
Physics: SL Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
Physics: HL Revision Notes

Up to 33% off discounts extended!

Ace your exams with up to 33% off our Annual and Quarterly plans for a limited time only. T&Cs apply.


Ok, hide this.

Edexcel A (SNAB) A Level Biology

Revision Notes

Home / A Level / Biology / Edexcel A (SNAB) / Revision Notes / 7. Run for your Life / 7.4 Exercise / 7.4.4 Modern Medicine & Participation in Sports


7.4.4 Modern Medicine & Participation in Sports


Modern Medicine & Participation in Sports

Keyhole surgery

  • Sports injuries are a common occurrence since the body is placed under stress when participating in sporting activities
  • Some of these injuries can result in permanent damage, but with the correct treatment it is possible to make a full recovery from sports injuries
  • Advances in medical technology has enabled professional athletes to recover from injuries that previously may have ended their career
  • Keyhole surgery is one example of the medical advances that have been made
    • It is a less invasive procedure as only small incisions are made in the skin
    • A small video camera is inserted into the incision, along with specialised medical instruments with which to perform the surgery
    • There are multiple advantages of keyhole surgery compared to conventional surgery:
      • Less blood loss and scarring of the skin
      • Less pain after surgery and a quicker recovery
      • This leads to a shorter hospital stay and the patient can quickly return to doing normal activities
  • An example of keyhole surgery is fixing a damaged cruciate ligament
    • The cruciate ligaments are found in the middle of the knee and it connects the thigh bone to the lower leg bone
    • The damaged ligament can be removed and replaced by a graft from another tendon in the patient's leg or from a donor's tendon

Prostheses

  • Injuries may sometimes result in people losing or damaging a body part to the extent that they can no longer use it
  • In some cases, a person may be born without certain body parts
  • In both these cases, the missing or damaged body part may be replaced with an artificial version called a prosthesis
    • They may replace entire limbs (e.g. legs or hands) or parts of limbs (e.g. hip or knee joints)
    • Some prostheses may be connected to electronic devices that can 'read' information form the nervous system in order to operate the body part (e.g. hand prostheses enabling the user to move the fingers)
  • Prostheses enables individuals to participate in sport again, even after serious injuries
  • An example of the use of a prosthesis is replacing a damaged knee joint
    • The damaged cartilage and bone is replaced by a metal device on both long bones to create a smooth surface for articulation
    • A plastic spacer is often inserted between the metal ends of the prosthesis to provide cushioning and reduce the impact on the knee
    • The knee prosthesis enables those with serious knee injuries to be more mobile and even participate in low-impact sports

knee-prosthesis

A knee prosthesis can replace a damaged knee joint and provide mobility to a patient

Use of Performance-enhancing Drugs in Sports

  • Drugs that can improve a person's performance in sport or athletic activities are known as performance-enhancing drugs
  • When taken by people participating in competitive sporting events, it will give them an unfair advantage over their opponents
  • There are many different kinds of performance-enhancing drugs that may affect the body in different ways
    • Anabolic steroids which increase muscle size to give the user increased strength, speed and stamina but may lead to organ damage and increased aggression
    • Stimulants which make the used more alert and able to react faster, they will have greater endurance but it may also lead to aggressive behaviour
    • Narcotic analgesics which are very strong painkillers that enables users to maintain their performance despite suffering from injuries
  • Due to the enhanced performance and health risks associated with taking these drugs, they are banned from most competitive sports
  • Random drug tests are performed on athletes and if the results are positive, they may be banned from competing and may lose any medals or awards that they have won in the past

Ethical positions on the use of performance-enhancing drugs

  • There are two groups with opposing views on the use of performance-enhancing drugs
    • Rationalists think there may be times when their use is justified
    • Absolutists think that they are morally wrong and should be banned from all sport

Arguments for the use of performance-enhancing drugs

  • This view is supported by rationalists who believe these drugs should be allowed under certain circumstances
    • Athletes should have the freedom to choose whether they want to deal with the risks of taking these drugs
    • Performance-enhancing drugs may help overcome inequalities in competitive sport, since athletes have do not have access to the same opportunities to improve themselves (e.g. facilities, training equipment or coaches)
    • Competing at a higher level may only be possible for some athletes if they are using performance-enhancing drugs

Arguments against the use of performance-enhancing drugs

  • This view is supported by absolutists who believe these drugs should be banned from all sports and not be taken under any circumstance
    • Many performance-enhancing drugs are illegal
    • These drugs give athletes an unfair advantage over those who do not take them. Performance should be the result of training and hard work only
    • The health risks associated with these drugs are serious, and include a variety of side effects
    • There is the question of whether athletes are fully informed about the health risks involved with taking these drugs


  • 1. Lifestyle, Health and Risk
    • 1.1 The Circulatory System
      • 1.1.1 The Need for a Circulatory System
        • 1.1.2 The Importance of Water in Transport
          • 1.1.3 Mammalian Heart: Structure & Function
            • 1.1.4 Blood Vessels: Structure & Function
              • 1.1.5 Cardiac Cycle
                • 1.1.6 Investigating Heart Rate
                  • 1.1.7 Atherosclerosis
                    • 1.1.8 Blood Clotting
                    • 1.2 Diet & Health
                      • 1.2.1 Cardiovascular Disease
                        • 1.2.2 Interpreting Data on Risk Factors
                          • 1.2.3 Treatment of CVD
                            • 1.2.4 Energy Budgets & Diet
                              • 1.2.5 Monosaccharides
                                • 1.2.6 The Glycosidic Bond
                                  • 1.2.7 Disaccharides
                                    • 1.2.8 Polysaccharides
                                      • 1.2.9 Lipids & Ester Bonds
                                        • 1.2.10 Reducing Risk Factors of CVD
                                          • 1.2.11 Practical: Vitamin C Content
                                        • 2. Genes and Health
                                          • 2.1 Gas Exchange, Cell Membranes & Transport
                                            • 2.1.1 Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces
                                              • 2.1.2 Fick's Law of Diffusion
                                                • 2.1.3 The Mammalian Lung
                                                  • 2.1.4 Cell Membranes
                                                    • 2.1.5 Practical: Investigating Membrane Structure & Permeability
                                                      • 2.1.6 Diffusion & Facilitated Diffusion
                                                        • 2.1.7 Active Transport
                                                          • 2.1.8 Osmosis
                                                          • 2.2 Nucleic Acids
                                                            • 2.2.1 Nucleotides & Phosphodiester Bonds
                                                              • 2.2.2 DNA: Structure
                                                                • 2.2.3 RNA: Structure
                                                                • 2.3 Proteins
                                                                  • 2.3.1 Transcription
                                                                    • 2.3.2 Translation
                                                                      • 2.3.3 Nature of the Genetic Code
                                                                        • 2.3.4 Amino Acids & Peptide Bonds
                                                                          • 2.3.5 Levels of Protein Structure
                                                                            • 2.3.6 Globular Proteins: Structure & Function
                                                                              • 2.3.7 Fibrous Proteins: Structure & Function
                                                                                • 2.3.8 The Role of Enzymes
                                                                                  • 2.3.9 Mode of Enzyme Action
                                                                                    • 2.3.10 Practical: Investigating the Effect Enzyme and Substrate Concentrations
                                                                                    • 2.4 Inheritance
                                                                                      • 2.4.1 DNA Replication
                                                                                        • 2.4.2 Mutations
                                                                                          • 2.4.3 Inheritance: Key Terms
                                                                                            • 2.4.4 Pedigree Diagrams
                                                                                              • 2.4.5 Monohybrid Crosses
                                                                                                • 2.4.6 Chi-squared Test
                                                                                                  • 2.4.7 Genetic Screening
                                                                                                • 3. Voice of the Genome
                                                                                                  • 3.1 Cell Structure & Organisation
                                                                                                    • 3.1.1 Cell Theory
                                                                                                      • 3.1.2 Eukaryotic Cells
                                                                                                        • 3.1.3 Prokaryotic Cells
                                                                                                          • 3.1.4 Organisation of Cells
                                                                                                            • 3.1.5 Microscopy
                                                                                                              • 3.1.6 Magnification Calculations
                                                                                                                • 3.1.7 Recognising Organelles
                                                                                                                • 3.2 Cell Division
                                                                                                                  • 3.2.1 The Cell Cycle
                                                                                                                    • 3.2.2 Mitosis
                                                                                                                      • 3.2.3 Practical: Identifying Mitosis in Plant Cells
                                                                                                                      • 3.3 Reproduction & Inheritance
                                                                                                                        • 3.3.1 Mammalian Gametes
                                                                                                                          • 3.3.2 Fertilisation in Mammals
                                                                                                                            • 3.3.3 Genes & Linkage
                                                                                                                              • 3.3.4 Meiosis: Source of Genetic Variation
                                                                                                                              • 3.4 Differentiation & Variation
                                                                                                                                • 3.4.1 Stem Cells
                                                                                                                                  • 3.4.2 Stem Cells in Medicine
                                                                                                                                    • 3.4.3 Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                                      • 3.4.4 Epigenetics
                                                                                                                                        • 3.4.5 Phenotypes & Variation
                                                                                                                                      • 4. Biodiversity and Natural Resources
                                                                                                                                        • 4.1 Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.1 The Variety of Life
                                                                                                                                            • 4.1.2 Measuring Biodiversity Within a Habitat
                                                                                                                                              • 4.1.3 Comparing Biodiversity Between Habitats
                                                                                                                                                • 4.1.4 Ecological Niches & Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1.5 Natural Selection
                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.6 Hardy-Weinberg Equation
                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.7 Reproductive Isolation
                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.8 Classification
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.9 Conservation of Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2 Resources from Plants
                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Plant Cell Structure
                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Plant Stems
                                                                                                                                                                • 4.2.3 Importance of Water & Inorganic Ions to Plants
                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.2.4 Starch & Cellulose: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.2.5 Plant Fibres
                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.2.6 Practical: Identifying Tissue Types Within Stems
                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.2.7 Practical: Determining the Tensile Strength of Plant Fibres
                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2.8 Development of Drug Testing
                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.9 Antimicrobial Properties of Plants
                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.10 Sustainability & Plant Materials
                                                                                                                                                                            • 5. On the Wild Side
                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.1 Ecosystems & Energy Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.1.1 Ecosystems: Key Terms
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.1.2 Biotic & Abiotic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.1.3 Niches: Distribution & Abundance
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.1.4 Practical: Determining Distribution & Abundance
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1.5 Stages of Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.1.6 Net Primary Productivity
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.1.7 Calculating the Efficiency of Biomass & Energy Transfers
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.2 Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.2 ATP as a Supply of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.3 Chloroplasts: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.4 Light-dependent Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.5 Light-independent Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.6 Products of Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.7 Practical: The Hill Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3 Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.1 Introduction to Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.2 Evidence for the Causes of Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.3 The Greenhouse Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.3.4 Models of Future Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.3.5 The Effects of Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.3.6 Temperature & Enzyme Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.3.7 Practical: Temperature & Development of Organisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3.8 Climate Change & the Scientific Community
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.9 Carbon Cycle & Reduction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.10 Reducing Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.4 Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.4.1 Evolution by Natural Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.4.2 Speciation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.4.3 Evidence of Evolution & the Scientific Community
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6. Immunity, Infection and Forensics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.1 Forensics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.1.1 Determining the Time of Death
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.1.2 Micro-organisms: Decomposition & Nutrient Recycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.3 DNA Profiling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2 Microorganisms & Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.1 Structure of Bacteria & Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.2 Entry Routes of Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.3 Non-specific Immune Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2.4 Antigens & Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.5 T Cell Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.2.6 B Cell Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.2.7 Post-transcriptional Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2.8 Types of Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.9 Evolutionary Race Between Pathogens & Host
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.10 Types of Antibiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.11 Limiting Antibiotic Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7. Run for your Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.1 Muscles & Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.1.1 Movement of the Skeleton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.1.2 Muscle Fibres
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.1.3 Muscle Contraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.2 Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.2.1 Respiration: An Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.2.2 Stages of Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.2.3 Glycolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.2.4 Link Reaction & Krebs Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.2.5 Oxidative Phosphorylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.2.6 Practical: Investigating the Rate of Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.2.7 Anaerobic Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.3 Homeostasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.3.1 Homeostasis: An Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.3.2 Electrical Activity in the Heart
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.3.3 ECGs & Diagnosing CVD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.3.4 Calculating Cardiac Output
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.4 Exercise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.4.1 Variations in Breathing Rate & Heart Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.4.2 Practical: Investigating the Effects of Exercise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.4.3 Intensity of Exercise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.4.4 Modern Medicine & Participation in Sports
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8. Grey Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.1 Response to the Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.1.1 Co-ordination of Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.1.2 Neurones: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.1.3 Nervous System: Response to a Stimulus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.1.4 Transmission of Nerve Impulses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.1.5 Synapses: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.1.6 Detection of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.1.7 The Effects of IAA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.1.8 Phytochrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.2 The Brain, Behaviour & Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.2.1 Brain: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.2.2 Studying the Brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.2.3 Development of the Visual Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.2.4 The Role of Animal Models in Research
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.2.5 Habituation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.2.6 Imbalances in Brain Chemicals Leading to Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.2.7 Action of Drugs on Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.2.8 Personalised Medicine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.2.9 Producing Drugs Using GMOs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.2.10 Nature vs Nurture in Brain Development


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        DOWNLOAD PDF

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: Marlene

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Marlene graduated from Stellenbosch University, South Africa, in 2002 with a degree in Biodiversity and Ecology. After completing a PGCE (Postgraduate certificate in education) in 2003 she taught high school Biology for over 10 years at various schools across South Africa before returning to Stellenbosch University in 2014 to obtain an Honours degree in Biological Sciences. With over 16 years of teaching experience, of which the past 3 years were spent teaching IGCSE and A level Biology, Marlene is passionate about Biology and making it more approachable to her students.


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Save My Exams Logo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Home Join Support

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Members
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Members Home Account Login

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Company
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      About Us Contact Us Jobs Terms Privacy Facebook Twitter

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Quick Links
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      GCSE Revision Notes IGCSE Revision Notes A Level Revision Notes Biology Chemistry Physics Maths 2022 Advance Information

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      © Copyright 2015-2022 Save My Exams Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      IBO was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, the resources created by Save My Exams.