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Edexcel A (SNAB) A Level Biology

Revision Notes

Home / A Level / Biology / Edexcel A (SNAB) / Revision Notes / 5. On the Wild Side / 5.3 Climate Change / 5.3.9 Carbon Cycle & Reduction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide


5.3.9 Carbon Cycle & Reduction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide


Carbon Cycle & Reduction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

  • The atmospheric carbon dioxide that contributes to the greenhouse effect is part of the global carbon cycle
  • The term carbon cycle refers to the many processes by which carbon is transferred and stored, e.g. 
    • Carbon is found in the biomass of living organisms e.g. in carbohydrates and proteins
    • Carbon is transferred when one organism consumes and digests another
    • Carbon is found in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and in the oceans as e.g. hydrogen carbonate ions
    • Carbon in fossil fuels is present in the form of hydrocarbons

The carbon cycle

  • The following events occur during the carbon cycle
    • Carbon is present in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide
    • Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by producers during photosynthesis
      • Producers incorporate carbon into their biomass in the form of carbohydrates and other biological molecules
    • Carbon is transferred to and between consumers as a result of feeding
    • Carbon is transferred back into the atmosphere by both plants and animals as a result of respiration
      • Respiration releases carbon dioxide as a product
    • Carbon dioxide can also be removed from the atmosphere by dissolving in the oceans
    • Dissolved carbon can be taken in by marine plants when they photosynthesise or by other marine organisms as they build calcium carbonate exoskeletons
    • When living organisms die their tissues are broken down by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi
      • When these organisms respire, they too release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere
    • Any living tissue that is not fully decomposed can go towards the formation of peat or fossil fuels over millions of years; carbon can be stored in these sinks for long periods
    • The combustion of peat and fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere
      • The combustion of biomass such as wood also returns carbon to the atmosphere

Advanced Carbon Cycle

The carbon cycle includes the locations in which carbon is stored, shown here as 'carbon pools', and the processes by which it is transferred, shown here as 'carbon fluxes'

  • A good understanding of the carbon cycle is essential in the fight against global warming
    • It is possible to see the points at which carbon enters the atmosphere; reducing the carbon transfer at these points will prevent further increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide e.g.
      • Reducing the combustion of fossil fuels
      • Reducing the combustion of biomass
      • Reducing disturbance of carbon pools such as soils and peat bogs
    • We can also see the points at which carbon is removed from the atmosphere; increasing the transfers here could help to reduce the greenhouse effect e.g.
      • Increasing rates of photosynthesis by planting trees


  • 1. Lifestyle, Health and Risk
    • 1.1 The Circulatory System
      • 1.1.1 The Need for a Circulatory System
        • 1.1.2 The Importance of Water in Transport
          • 1.1.3 Mammalian Heart: Structure & Function
            • 1.1.4 Blood Vessels: Structure & Function
              • 1.1.5 Cardiac Cycle
                • 1.1.6 Investigating Heart Rate
                  • 1.1.7 Atherosclerosis
                    • 1.1.8 Blood Clotting
                    • 1.2 Diet & Health
                      • 1.2.1 Cardiovascular Disease
                        • 1.2.2 Interpreting Data on Risk Factors
                          • 1.2.3 Treatment of CVD
                            • 1.2.4 Energy Budgets & Diet
                              • 1.2.5 Monosaccharides
                                • 1.2.6 The Glycosidic Bond
                                  • 1.2.7 Disaccharides
                                    • 1.2.8 Polysaccharides
                                      • 1.2.9 Lipids & Ester Bonds
                                        • 1.2.10 Reducing Risk Factors of CVD
                                          • 1.2.11 Practical: Vitamin C Content
                                        • 2. Genes and Health
                                          • 2.1 Gas Exchange, Cell Membranes & Transport
                                            • 2.1.1 Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces
                                              • 2.1.2 Fick's Law of Diffusion
                                                • 2.1.3 The Mammalian Lung
                                                  • 2.1.4 Cell Membranes
                                                    • 2.1.5 Practical: Investigating Membrane Structure & Permeability
                                                      • 2.1.6 Diffusion & Facilitated Diffusion
                                                        • 2.1.7 Active Transport
                                                          • 2.1.8 Osmosis
                                                          • 2.2 Nucleic Acids
                                                            • 2.2.1 Nucleotides & Phosphodiester Bonds
                                                              • 2.2.2 DNA: Structure
                                                                • 2.2.3 RNA: Structure
                                                                • 2.3 Proteins
                                                                  • 2.3.1 Transcription
                                                                    • 2.3.2 Translation
                                                                      • 2.3.3 Nature of the Genetic Code
                                                                        • 2.3.4 Amino Acids & Peptide Bonds
                                                                          • 2.3.5 Levels of Protein Structure
                                                                            • 2.3.6 Globular Proteins: Structure & Function
                                                                              • 2.3.7 Fibrous Proteins: Structure & Function
                                                                                • 2.3.8 The Role of Enzymes
                                                                                  • 2.3.9 Mode of Enzyme Action
                                                                                    • 2.3.10 Practical: Investigating the Effect Enzyme and Substrate Concentrations
                                                                                    • 2.4 Inheritance
                                                                                      • 2.4.1 DNA Replication
                                                                                        • 2.4.2 Mutations
                                                                                          • 2.4.3 Inheritance: Key Terms
                                                                                            • 2.4.4 Pedigree Diagrams
                                                                                              • 2.4.5 Monohybrid Crosses
                                                                                                • 2.4.6 Chi-squared Test
                                                                                                  • 2.4.7 Genetic Screening
                                                                                                • 3. Voice of the Genome
                                                                                                  • 3.1 Cell Structure & Organisation
                                                                                                    • 3.1.1 Cell Theory
                                                                                                      • 3.1.2 Eukaryotic Cells
                                                                                                        • 3.1.3 Prokaryotic Cells
                                                                                                          • 3.1.4 Organisation of Cells
                                                                                                            • 3.1.5 Microscopy
                                                                                                              • 3.1.6 Magnification Calculations
                                                                                                                • 3.1.7 Recognising Organelles
                                                                                                                • 3.2 Cell Division
                                                                                                                  • 3.2.1 The Cell Cycle
                                                                                                                    • 3.2.2 Mitosis
                                                                                                                      • 3.2.3 Practical: Identifying Mitosis in Plant Cells
                                                                                                                      • 3.3 Reproduction & Inheritance
                                                                                                                        • 3.3.1 Mammalian Gametes
                                                                                                                          • 3.3.2 Fertilisation in Mammals
                                                                                                                            • 3.3.3 Genes & Linkage
                                                                                                                              • 3.3.4 Meiosis: Source of Genetic Variation
                                                                                                                              • 3.4 Differentiation & Variation
                                                                                                                                • 3.4.1 Stem Cells
                                                                                                                                  • 3.4.2 Stem Cells in Medicine
                                                                                                                                    • 3.4.3 Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                                      • 3.4.4 Epigenetics
                                                                                                                                        • 3.4.5 Phenotypes & Variation
                                                                                                                                      • 4. Biodiversity and Natural Resources
                                                                                                                                        • 4.1 Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.1 The Variety of Life
                                                                                                                                            • 4.1.2 Measuring Biodiversity Within a Habitat
                                                                                                                                              • 4.1.3 Comparing Biodiversity Between Habitats
                                                                                                                                                • 4.1.4 Ecological Niches & Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1.5 Natural Selection
                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.6 Hardy-Weinberg Equation
                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.7 Reproductive Isolation
                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.8 Classification
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.9 Conservation of Biodiversity
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2 Resources from Plants
                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Plant Cell Structure
                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Plant Stems
                                                                                                                                                                • 4.2.3 Importance of Water & Inorganic Ions to Plants
                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.2.4 Starch & Cellulose: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.2.5 Plant Fibres
                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.2.6 Practical: Identifying Tissue Types Within Stems
                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.2.7 Practical: Determining the Tensile Strength of Plant Fibres
                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2.8 Development of Drug Testing
                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.9 Antimicrobial Properties of Plants
                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.10 Sustainability & Plant Materials
                                                                                                                                                                            • 5. On the Wild Side
                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.1 Ecosystems & Energy Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.1.1 Ecosystems: Key Terms
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.1.2 Biotic & Abiotic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.1.3 Niches: Distribution & Abundance
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.1.4 Practical: Determining Distribution & Abundance
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1.5 Stages of Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.1.6 Net Primary Productivity
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.1.7 Calculating the Efficiency of Biomass & Energy Transfers
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.2 Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.2 ATP as a Supply of Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.3 Chloroplasts: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.4 Light-dependent Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.5 Light-independent Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.6 Products of Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.7 Practical: The Hill Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3 Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.1 Introduction to Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.2 Evidence for the Causes of Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.3 The Greenhouse Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.3.4 Models of Future Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.3.5 The Effects of Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.3.6 Temperature & Enzyme Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.3.7 Practical: Temperature & Development of Organisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3.8 Climate Change & the Scientific Community
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.9 Carbon Cycle & Reduction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.10 Reducing Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.4 Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.4.1 Evolution by Natural Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.4.2 Speciation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.4.3 Evidence of Evolution & the Scientific Community
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6. Immunity, Infection and Forensics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.1 Forensics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.1.1 Determining the Time of Death
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.1.2 Micro-organisms: Decomposition & Nutrient Recycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.3 DNA Profiling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2 Microorganisms & Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.1 Structure of Bacteria & Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.2 Entry Routes of Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.3 Non-specific Immune Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 6.2.4 Antigens & Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 6.2.5 T Cell Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 6.2.6 B Cell Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 6.2.7 Post-transcriptional Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 6.2.8 Types of Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 6.2.9 Evolutionary Race Between Pathogens & Host
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 6.2.10 Types of Antibiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 6.2.11 Limiting Antibiotic Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7. Run for your Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.1 Muscles & Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.1.1 Movement of the Skeleton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.1.2 Muscle Fibres
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.1.3 Muscle Contraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.2 Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.2.1 Respiration: An Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.2.2 Stages of Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.2.3 Glycolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.2.4 Link Reaction & Krebs Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.2.5 Oxidative Phosphorylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.2.6 Practical: Investigating the Rate of Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.2.7 Anaerobic Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.3 Homeostasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 7.3.1 Homeostasis: An Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 7.3.2 Electrical Activity in the Heart
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 7.3.3 ECGs & Diagnosing CVD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.3.4 Calculating Cardiac Output
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 7.4 Exercise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 7.4.1 Variations in Breathing Rate & Heart Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 7.4.2 Practical: Investigating the Effects of Exercise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 7.4.3 Intensity of Exercise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 7.4.4 Modern Medicine & Participation in Sports
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8. Grey Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.1 Response to the Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.1.1 Co-ordination of Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.1.2 Neurones: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.1.3 Nervous System: Response to a Stimulus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.1.4 Transmission of Nerve Impulses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.1.5 Synapses: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.1.6 Detection of Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.1.7 The Effects of IAA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.1.8 Phytochrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.2 The Brain, Behaviour & Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.2.1 Brain: Structure & Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.2.2 Studying the Brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.2.3 Development of the Visual Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.2.4 The Role of Animal Models in Research
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.2.5 Habituation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.2.6 Imbalances in Brain Chemicals Leading to Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.2.7 Action of Drugs on Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.2.8 Personalised Medicine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.2.9 Producing Drugs Using GMOs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.2.10 Nature vs Nurture in Brain Development


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        DOWNLOAD PDF

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: Naomi

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Naomi graduated in 2007 from the University of Oxford with a degree in Biological Sciences. She has 8 years of classroom experience teaching Key Stage 3 up to A-Level biology, and is currently a tutor and A-Level examiner. Naomi especially enjoys creating resources that enable students to build a solid understanding of subject content, while also connecting their knowledge with biology’s exciting, real-world applications. Naomi has a little cat called Buzz, and enjoys knitting.


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